The energy system of a regenerative building has two tiers: passive first, then active. No amount of solar panels compensates for a poorly designed building envelope; passive performance is always the priority.

Passive solar design — the use of building orientation, glazing placement, thermal mass, insulation, and shading to manage heating and cooling without mechanical energy input, is covered comprehensively in Book 4 of this series, Heating and Cooling Buildings. In a well-designed passive solar building in a temperate or arid climate, passive strategies can meet 60 to 90 percent of space heating needs and most of the cooling load through natural ventilation.

Active off-grid energy systems, solar photovoltaic arrays, battery banks, charge controllers, and inverters, supply the electrical loads that passive design cannot eliminate: lighting, appliances, water pumping, and communication. A properly sized off-grid system can supply all of a household’s electrical needs indefinitely from sunlight alone. Book 7 of this series, Off-Grid Energy Systems, covers the design and installation of complete off-grid energy systems from load calculation through battery sizing and system commissioning.

The relationship between the energy system and other building systems is rich with synergy. Solar thermal collectors heat domestic hot water, reducing electrical demand. Thermal mass in the structure provides passive temperature regulation, reducing both heating and cooling loads. Greenhouse spaces on the south face capture solar energy as heat in winter, reducing heating loads while also producing food.